knowledge gained, leading to practical results. Man has been defined as a “tool-using animal,” as Boswell expresses it in his “Life of Johnson.” But what animal can use a tool intelligently, much less make the tool to use? Yet the lowest races of men show great ingenuity in making tools. The rudest flint implements bear indubitable evidence of a power to adapt means to an end, which places their maker in a category of his own. Aristotle wrote of man as being by nature “a civic animal”; while Charles